Using a social-ecological framework to examine the cognitive development of elementary school children in the U.S.

Table 1 Descriptive statistics of variables (n = 1722)

Variables	n	%	Mean	SD
Independent Variables
Sex
Boy	884	51.3
Girl	838	48.7
Race/Ethnicity
White, non-Hispanic	33	19.2
Black, non-Hispanic	881	51.2
Hispanic	439	25.5
Other	72	4.2
School type
Public school	1494	86.8
School with magnet programs	76	4.4
School of choice	147	8.5
Special education school	5	0.3
School neighborhood with crime
A big problem	427	24.8
Somewhat problem	705	40.9
No problem	590	34.3
Mother’s Educational Level
Less than high school	365	21.2
High school or equivalent	379	22
Some college or teaching	712	41.3
College or graduate	266	15.4
Mother’s marital status
Married	487	28.3
Separated	25	1.5
Divorced	6	0.3
Cohabiting	636	36.9
Romantic but not living together	432	25.1
Not romantic	136	7.9
Government Assistance
Yes	165	21
No	619	79
Mother’s depression
Yes	301	17.5
No	1421	82.5
Household income			44,176.55	49,471.75
Mother’s age			34.26	6.01
Dependent Variable
PPVT-III			92.19	18.07
WJ-AP			96.98	20.22
WJ-PC			91.57	18.58
DIGIT SPAN			9.26	3.02

ISSN: 2050-7283