Fig. 1

Tree metaphor of thriving. The tree metaphor conceptualizes thriving as a dynamic and interconnected process. “Roots and soil” (Means) represent foundational resources like quality of life. “Trunk and branches” (Process) reflect biological and psychological mechanisms, such as cortisol awakening response, melatonin, depression, anxiety and character strengths. “Leaves and flowers” (Outcome) symbolize flourishing results, including enhanced well-being and life satisfaction. This framework highlights how thriving is shaped by the interplay of foundational resources, adaptive processes, and individual outcomes [4]. Reproduced from Fabian et al. (2023), published under a Creative Commons CC BY license in Journal of Happiness Studies (DOI: https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.1007/s10902-023-00682-y)